V O C A B U L A R Y
Apocalypt (Gr. apo-kalypsis un-covering) - revelation
Apocalyptic - has to do with revelation of things to come, but judges the
future to be closed
Apocryph(a) (hidden) - set aside from ‘canon’
Apostacy - abandonment of the faith
Aramaic - Semitic language close related to Hebrew
berith - circumcision
b.c.e. - before common era (equivalent of BC)
c.e. - common era (equivalent of AD)
Canon (rule, standard) - list of authoritative writings
chasid - rabbi, teacher of halakah
Covenant - agreement/pact, berith. Hittite covenant/treaty model for Israel’s
relation with God
Decapolis - 10 Gr. cities across the Jordan
Diaspora - Jewish communities outside Palestine
ekklesia - (place of people) called together
Emunah - trust in God
Eschatology, eschatological (Gr. eschaton) - end-time - regards the future as open
Exodus - Jewish liberation from Egypt
Gemara - (=Talmud) found only in the Aramaic dialect of the Babylonian Talmud
Gnostic(ism) - (Gr. gnosis - knowledge) - religious movements finding salvation through
knowledge
Golah - community of exiles
Halakhah (Heb halak -to walk, follow) - a spiritual way of life to follow
Hannukah - celebrates dedication of second Temple - Maccabean victory
over Seleucids
Hasid(im) - holy one(s), devoted to Torah
Heresy - lit. ‘choice’ - when not considered orthodox it became ‘heresy’
Hermeneutics - the art and science of interpretation
Jamnia (Yavneh) - near the coast between Jaffa & Ashod - first center of
rabbinic Judaism after 70
Kabhod - (God’s) glory
kasruth - dietary purity
ketuvah - contract of marriage
Levite - Levi tribal member, priest at central sanctuary
mamzer - an Israelite of suspect paternity (not born out of wedlock - bastard) cf RJ 13
Martyr - (Gr martus) - witness
Messiah (Heb mishach) - anointed one, set aside to do God’s work: king, prophet,
priest
merkabah - chariot-vision of Ezekiel in ch 1
metanoia - a ‘turn-around’ - return
midrash - a method of exegesis of a Biblical text - a reworking of themes and episodes from OT, amplifying/extending them to actual situations
Minim - (Jewish) sects
Mishnah - (repetition) a major source of rabbinic Jewish religious texts; the first recording of the oral law of the Jewish people - formally crafted in repeatable form - ca 200
Monotheism - belief in one God (vs polytheism belief in many gods)
Myth - not a made-up story, fiction or false idea - rather founding narratives providing orientation
Oral Torah - oral traditions of Pharisees and Rabbis (considered going back to Moses)
Orthodoxy - lit. ‘right thinking’
Passover - Jewish feast, celebrated in spring remembering the liberation
from Egypt (Exodus)
Pentateuch - first five books of Hebrew Bible, the Torah
Pella - place across the Jordan S. of Sea of Galilee, where early Christians
moved to from Jerusalem after 70
Pharisee - (‘separate one’) an Law observant and influential Jew
Prophet - one speaking for God
Pseudepigrapha - books written in the name of others (outside the ‘canon’)
Q - an oral tradition of Jesus’ “sayings”, recovered from Mt and Lk‛s gospels
Qahal - (Heb) assembly
Rabbi - ‘my great one’ - applied to teachers of Torah
Rabbinic literature - created by the rabbis starting in 2nd c.
Ruach - breath, wind, Holy Spirit
Sadducees (Heb tzaddiqim-righteous ones) - (see Zadok) aristocratic priestly class in
Jerusalem
Salvation - liberation - Jewish: rescue from enemies, oppression. Christian:
freed from sin to go to heaven
Sanhedrin - governing counsel in Jerusalem composed of Jewish leaders
Scribe - those who wrote in service of culture and religious law
Scroll - roll of papyrus or treated leather used for writing
Second Temple - (Salomon’s temple) restored by 515 bce after return from Babylon
Second Temple history - from approx. 515 bce - 70 ce
Seder - Passover celebration
Septuagint - Greek translation of Hebrew Bible used by early Christians
shalom (aram. shelama) - peace
Shekhinah - presence of God
Shema - (Dt 6:4) “Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is one Lord”
shofar - ram's horn, blown at Jewish New Year
shuv (tuv) - return
sukkoth - hut, booth, tabernacle
Synagogue - Jewish gathering place for teaching and prayer (origin obscure)
Synoptic gospels (Mk Mt Lk) - seen together (Gr sun optein) they show great likeness
talmid - disciple, student
Talmud - Jewish commentary on the ‘Mishna’ (Babylonian, Palestinian)
tamid - morning sacrifice
Targum - Aramaic for ‘translation’ (of books of Hebrew Bible paraphrased)
Tefillah - the Jewish 18 Benedictions
Tenach (Tanak) - the Hebrew Bible
Theophany - a ‘God-revelation’
Teshuvah - repentance/forgiveness
Torah - (instruction) first five books of Hebrew Bible (also called Pentateuch)
Wisdom - of God in creation (Lady Wisdom) - wisdom OT literature - Jesus as ‘wisdom’ of God
Zadok(ite) - high priest who anointed Solomon, high priests had to be of the family of Zadok
Zealots - members of Zealot party - had ‛zeal for Torah‛, were opposed to
Rome
Zion - (citadel, fortress) - city of David, Jerusalem, God’s Holy mountain
V O C A B U L A R Y
Apocalypt (Gr. apo-kalypsis un-covering) - revelation
Apocalyptic - has to do with revelation of things to come, but judges the future to be closed
Apocryph(a) (hidden) - set aside from ‘canon’
Apostacy - abandonment of the faith
Aramaic - Semitic language close related to Hebrew
berith - circumcision
b.c.e. - before common era (equivalent of BC)
c.e. - common era (equivalent of AD)
Canon (rule, standard) - list of authoritative writings
chasid - rabbi, teacher of halakah
Covenant - agreement/pact, berith. Hittite covenant/treaty model for Israel’s relation with God
Decapolis - 10 Gr. cities across the Jordan
Diaspora - Jewish communities outside Palestine
ekklesia - (place of people) called together
Emunah - trust in God
Eschatology, eschatological (Gr. eschaton) - end-time - regards the future as open
Exodus - Jewish liberation from Egypt
Gemara - (=Talmud) found only in the Aramaic dialect of the Babylonian Talmud
Gnostic(ism) - (Gr. gnosis - knowledge) - religious movements finding salvation through knowledge
Golah - community of exiles
Halakhah (Heb halak -to walk, follow) - a spiritual way of life to follow
Hannukah - celebrates dedication of second Temple - Maccabean victory over Seleucids
Hasid(im) - holy one(s), devoted to Torah
Heresy - lit. ‘choice’ - when not considered orthodox it became ‘heresy’
Hermeneutics - the art and science of interpretation
Jamnia (Yavneh) - near the coast between Jaffa & Ashod - first center of rabbinic Judaism after 70
Kabhod - (God’s) glory
kasruth - dietary purity
ketuvah - contract of marriage
Levite - Levi tribal member, priest at central sanctuary
mamzer - an Israelite of suspect paternity (not born out of wedlock - bastard) cf RJ 13
Martyr - (Gr martus) - witness
Messiah (Heb mishach) - anointed one, set aside to do God’s work: king, prophet, priest
merkabah - chariot-vision of Ezekiel in ch 1
metanoia - a ‘turn-around’ - return
midrash - a method of exegesis of a Biblical text - a reworking of themes and episodes from OT, amplifying/extending them to actual situations
Minim - (Jewish) sects
Mishnah - (repetition) a major source of rabbinic Jewish religious texts; the first recording of the oral law of the Jewish people - formally crafted in repeatable form - ca 200
Monotheism - belief in one God (vs polytheism belief in many gods)
Myth - not a made-up story, fiction or false idea - rather founding narratives providing orientation
Oral Torah - oral traditions of Pharisees and Rabbis (considered going back to Moses)
Orthodoxy - lit. ‘right thinking’
Pentateuch - first five books of Hebrew Bible, the Torah
Passover - Jewish feast, celebrated in spring remembering the liberation from Egypt (Exodus)
Pella - place across the Jordan S. of Sea of Galilee, where early Christians moved from Jerusalem after 70
Pharisee - (‘separate one’) an Law observant and influential Jew
Prophet - one speaking for God
Pseudepigrapha - books written in the name of others (outside the ‘canon’)
Q - an oral tradition of Jesus’ “sayings”, recovered from Mt and Lk‛s gospels
Qahal - (Heb) assembly
Rabbi - ‘my great one’ - applied to teachers of Torah
Rabbinic literature - created by the rabbis starting in 2nd c.
Ruach - breath, wind, Holy Spirit
Sadducees (Heb tzaddiqim-righteous ones) - (see Zadok) aristocratic priestly class in Jerusalem
Salvation - liberation - Jewish: rescue from enemies, oppression. Christian: freed from sin to go to heaven
Sanhedrin - governing counsel in Jerusalem composed of Jewish leaders
Scribe - those who wrote in service of culture and religious law
Scroll - roll of papyrus or treated leather used for writing
Second Temple - (Salomon’s temple) restored by 515 bce after return from Babylon
Second Temple history - from approx. 515 bce - 70 ce
Seder - Passover celebration
Septuagint - Greek translation of Hebrew Bible used by early Christians
shalom (aram. shelama) - peace
Shekhinah - presence of God
Shema - (Dt 6:4) “Hear, O Israel, the Lord our God is one Lord”
shofar - ram's horn, blown at Jewish New Year
shuv (tuv) - return
sukkoth - hut, booth, tabernacle
Synagogue - Jewish gathering place for teaching and prayer (origin obscure)
Synoptic gospels (Mk Mt Lk) - seen together (Gr sun optein) they show great likeness
talmid - disciple, student
Talmud - Jewish commentary on the ‘Mishna’ (Babylonian, Palestinian)
tamid - morning sacrifice
Targum - Aramaic for ‘translation’ (of books of Hebrew Bible paraphrased)
Tefillah - the Jewish 18 Benedictions
Tenach (Tanak) - the Hebrew Bible
Theophany - a ‘God-revelation’
Teshuvah - repentance/forgiveness
Torah - (instruction) first five books of Hebrew Bible (also called Pentateuch)
Wisdom - of God in creation (Lady Wisdom) - wisdom OT literature - Jesus as ‘wisdom’ of God
Zadok(ite) - high priest who anointed Solomon, high priests had to be of the family of Zadok
Zealots - members of Zealot party - had ‛zeal for Torah‛, were opposed to Rome
Zion - (citadel, fortress) - city of David, Jerusalem, God’s Holy mountain
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